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Text 1:  6,23 Kb,  1033 word(s),  3 unique word(s)

DALLAS , Texas (AP ) -- With her sparkling blue eyes , wispy eyelashes and demure smile , Hertz is the center of attention wherever she goes . If you're lucky enough to meet her, try to ignore the tangle of wires slinking from behind her face . If you speak with her, talk slowly and loudly . And no matter what you say , don't be offended if she looks at you blankly and repeatedly asks , "What did you say ?" Hertz isn't really a she, but rather an it, an animated robot head built in about nine months by self -titled "sculptor roboticist " David Hanson . Hanson and other robot makers believe social robots will one day serve a variety of functions : tutor , companion , even security guard . But should they look human ? Hanson , who has worked as a designer , sculptor , and robotics developer for Walt Disney Imagineering , Universal Studios and MTV , thinks precise human looks are a must if people are going to effectively communicate with robots . Like his previous project , K-bot , Hanson sculpted Hertz to resemble his girlfriend . It's sheathed in a high -tech polymer Hanson invented called "f'rubber ," which resembles human skin . The face is embedded with tiny electronic motors , so Hertz can smile , frown or wrinkle its forehead . For now , Hertz is a face mounted to a wooden stool , its disembodied brain a laptop computer . It has no arms , legs or body , although Hanson is planning those enhancements someday . Hertz's eyes have video cameras , enabling it to gaze at a human face and follow you around , provided you don't move too quickly or beyond its limited field of vision . That and the limited speech skills are the extent of Hertz's abilities . Despite the embryonic state of his work , Hanson insists he's on to something . "Most people doing social robots believe that human faces will turn people off and will disturb them. I think that's ridiculous ," Hanson said . "The human face is perhaps the most natural paradigm for us to interact with." Not quite human Most experts disagree . They cite one of the principles of social robotics , the so -called "Uncanny Valley " theory . First described by pioneering Japanese roboticist Masahiro Mori , the theory goes like this: humans have a positive psychological reaction to robots that look somewhat like humans . But if a robot is made to look very realistic but somehow isn't quite right (it has an odd smile , or it doesn't blink , for example ) it seems grotesque instead of comforting . "Our experience has shown that people quickly lose the suspension of disbelief needed to interact with these creations once they start interacting with them for any length of time , because the artificial intelligence is not capable of producing human -level behavior ," said Reid Simmons , a researcher at Carnegie Mellon University's Robotics Institute . "I strongly believe that this problem would be exacerbated by having a more humanly realistic robot ." Science fiction has long taken different approaches to imbue robots with personal appeal . In "Star Wars ," the blinks , blurps and beeps of R2-D2 were enough to give the trashcan -shaped machine a wide range of human emotions such as fear and excitement . There was the strikingly human , but emotionally clueless , Data from "Star Trek : Next Generation ." And in 2001's "Artificial Intelligence : AI ," unblinking robot boy David Swinton yearned to become real so his flesh -and-blood mother would love him . Hanson apart , most of today's roboticists are taking Mori's theory into consideration . Sony Corp .'s QRIO robot looks like a young boy in a space suit , but Sony researchers say they didn't want to make it too similar to a human . "If your design is too close to human form , at a certain point it becomes just too uncanny ," Toshitada Doi , head of Sony's Intelligent Dynamics Research Institute , says on Sony's Web site . Others include GRACE , short for Graduate Robot Attending a ConferencE . Built by Simmons and researchers at several other schools , GRACE's "face " is a flat -screen television capable of displaying a range of emotions . Kismet , a product of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Humanoid Robotics Group , has exaggerated , fuzzy eyebrows , big blue eyes and floppy ears but its face is mostly metal and plastic . Captivating or disturbing ? Inventor and author Ray Kurzweil thinks Hanson's work is significant because realistic facial movement will play an important role in the way future androids respond to humans . First , however , robots will have to become significantly more intelligent , able to gauge the expressions of the people they encounter . Kurzweil estimates that we'll begin to see this human level of artificial intelligence around 2029. Until then , he believes less -realistic robots will be more successful . "If a robot has a face that is not human , then we are more accepting of less -than -human behavior , as we would with an animal or doll ," he said . "Intelligence significantly below that of normal humans stands out more with a robot that looks strikingly human . This creates the impression of a human with impaired intelligence , which may strike some as disturbing ." For now , Hanson is taking a semester off from pursuing his doctoral thesis at the University of Texas -Dallas so he can tinker with his bots . Most of the work on Hertz was done in his apartment and funded mostly with student loans . Last summer , Hanson formed a company , Human Emulation Robotics , with the hopes of raising venture capital . "This is like a first step ," he said . "This looks like a monster because it is a severed head . But once you get used to it, it's not. I haven't proven that it's not disturbing yet , but I have shown that it is captivating ." No matter what , we can expected future social robots to be more alien than human , said Will Wright , creator of The Sims video games and a robot enthusiast . "The fact is, I will share much more evolutionary history , and hence , brain circuitry and behavior , with my cat than I ever will with a machine intelligence ," he said . "The AIs we will be inventing soon will almost certainly be the first true alien intelligences humans will meet ."

Text 2:  6,20 Kb,  1041 word(s),  6 unique word(s)

DALLAS - With her sparkling blue eyes , wispy eyelashes and demure smile , Hertz is the center of attention wherever she goes . If you’re lucky enough to meet her, try to ignore the tangle of wires slinking from behind her face . If you speak with her, talk slowly and loudly . And no matter what you say , don’t be offended if she looks at you blankly and repeatedly asks , "What did you say ?" Hertz isn’t really a she, but rather an it, an animated robot head built in about nine months by self -titled "sculptor roboticist " David Hanson . Hanson and other robot makers believe social robots will one day serve a variety of functions : tutor , companion , even security guard . But should they look human ? A friendly face in F'rubber Hanson , who has worked as a designer , sculptor , and robotics developer for Walt Disney Imagineering , Universal Studios and MTV , thinks precise human looks are a must if people are going to effectively communicate with robots . Like his previous project , K-bot , Hanson sculpted Hertz to resemble his girlfriend . It’s sheathed in a high -tech polymer Hanson invented called "f’rubber ," which resembles human skin . The face is embedded with tiny electronic motors , so Hertz can smile , frown or wrinkle its forehead . For now , Hertz is a face mounted to a wooden stool , its disembodied brain a laptop computer . It has no arms , legs or body , although Hanson is planning those enhancements someday . Hertz’s eyes have video cameras , enabling it to gaze at a human face and follow you around , provided you don’t move too quickly or beyond its limited field of vision . That and the limited speech skills are the extent of Hertz’s abilities . Despite the embryonic state of his work , Hanson insists he’s on to something . "Most people doing social robots believe that human faces will turn people off and will disturb them. I think that’s ridiculous ," Hanson said . "The human face is perhaps the most natural paradigm for us to interact with." 'Uncanny Valley' Most experts disagree . They cite one of the principles of social robotics , the so -called "Uncanny Valley " theory . First described by pioneering Japanese roboticist Masahiro Mori , the theory goes like this: Humans have a positive psychological reaction to robots that look somewhat like humans . But if a robot is made to look very realistic but somehow isn’t quite right (it has an odd smile , or it doesn’t blink , for example ) it seems grotesque instead of comforting . "Our experience has shown that people quickly lose the suspension of disbelief needed to interact with these creations once they start interacting with them for any length of time , because the artificial intelligence is not capable of producing human -level behavior ," said Reid Simmons , a researcher at Carnegie Mellon University’s Robotics Institute . "I strongly believe that this problem would be exacerbated by having a more humanly realistic robot ." Sci -fi appeal Science fiction has long taken different approaches to imbue robots with personal appeal . In "Star Wars ," the blinks , blurps and beeps of R2-D2 were enough to give the trashcan -shaped machine a wide range of human emotions such as fear and excitement . There was the strikingly human , but emotionally clueless , Data from "Star Trek : Next Generation ." And in 2001’s "Artificial Intelligence : AI ," unblinking robot boy David Swinton yearned to become real so his flesh -and-blood mother would love him . Hanson apart , most of today’s roboticists are taking Mori’s theory into consideration . Sony Corp .’s QRIO robot looks like a young boy in a spacesuit , but Sony researchers say they didn’t want to make it too similar to a human . "If your design is too close to human form , at a certain point it becomes just too uncanny ," Toshitada Doi , head of Sony’s Intelligent Dynamics Research Institute , says on Sony’s Web site . Others include GRACE , short for Graduate Robot Attending a ConferencE . Built by Simmons and researchers at several other schools , GRACE’s "face " is a flat -screen television capable of displaying a range of emotions . Kismet , a product of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Humanoid Robotics Group , has exaggerated , fuzzy eyebrows , big blue eyes and floppy ears , but its face is mostly metal and plastic . 25 years from now ? Inventor and author Ray Kurzweil thinks Hanson’s work is significant because realistic facial movement will play an important role in the way future androids respond to humans . First , however , robots will have to become significantly more intelligent , able to gauge the expressions of the people they encounter . Kurzweil estimates that we’ll begin to see this human level of artificial intelligence around 2029. Until then , he believes less -realistic robots will be more successful . "If a robot has a face that is not human , then we are more accepting of less -than -human behavior , as we would with an animal or doll ," he said . "Intelligence significantly below that of normal humans stands out more with a robot that looks strikingly human . This creates the impression of a human with impaired intelligence , which may strike some as disturbing ." Aliens and humans For now , Hanson is taking a semester off from pursuing his doctoral thesis at the University of Texas -Dallas so he can tinker with his bots . Most of the work on Hertz was done in his apartment and funded mostly with student loans . Last summer , Hanson formed a company , Human Emulation Robotics , with the hopes of raising venture capital . "This is like a first step ," he said . "This looks like a monster because it is a severed head . But once you get used to it, it’s not. I haven’t proven that it’s not disturbing yet , but I have shown that it is captivating ." No matter what , we can expected future social robots to be more alien than human , said Will Wright , creator of The Sims video games and a robot enthusiast . "The fact is, I will share much more evolutionary history , and hence , brain circuitry and behavior , with my cat than I ever will with a machine intelligence ," he said . "The AIs we will be inventing soon will almost certainly be the first true alien intelligences humans will meet ."

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